The Portland metropolitan area may experience significant population growth as a result of peak oil. Oregon has long been heralded for its environmental ethic and livability, and Portland is a national leader in sustainable development. In addition, Portland offers a temperate climate with ample fresh water in the midst of some of the most productive and diverse agricultural land in the world. As a result, Portland is seen as better prepared than most areas to adapt to the impacts of peak oil and could attract people from other areas.[6] Population may also shift within the metro area, with greater concentrations of people in areas with better transportation options.

However, population growth will put added pressure on the very systems that make Portland attractive. For example, population growth could lead to increased conflict between urban development and agricultural land, which will be increasingly valuable post-peak as rising fertilizer costs reduce agricultural yields throughout the U.S. food system.